What is ADHD? | ADHD symptoms

What is ADHD? | ADHD symptoms

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder that can cause above-normal levels of hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. People with ADHD may also have trouble focusing their attention on a single task or sitting still for long periods of time.

Both adults and children can have ADHD. It’s a diagnosis the American Psychiatric Association (APA) recognizes. 

ADHD symptoms

A wide range of behaviors are associated with ADHD. Some of the more common ones include:

• having trouble focusing or concentrating on tasks
• being forgetful about completing tasks
• being easily distracted
• having difficulty sitting still
• interrupting people while they’re talking

If you or your child has ADHD, you may have some or all of these symptoms. The symptoms you have depend on the type of ADHD you have. Explore a list of ADHD symptoms common in children.

Types of ADHD

To make ADHD diagnoses more consistent, the APA has grouped the condition into three categories, or types. These types are predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactivity-impulsive, and a combination of both.

Predominantly inattentive

As the name suggests, people with this type of ADHD have extreme difficulty focusing, finishing tasks, and following instructions.

Experts also think that many children with the inattentive type of ADHD may not receive a proper diagnosis because they don’t tend to disrupt the classroom. This type is most common among girls with ADHD.

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type

People with this type of ADHD show primarily hyperactive and impulsive behavior. This can include fidgeting, interrupting people while they’re talking, and not being able to wait their turn.

Although inattention is less of a concern with this type of ADHD, people with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD may still find it difficult to focus on tasks.

Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive type

This is the most common type of ADHD. People with this combined type of ADHD display both inattentive and hyperactive symptoms. These include an inability to pay attention, a tendency toward impulsiveness, and above-normal levels of activity and energy.

The type of ADHD you or your child has will determine how it’s treated. The type you have can change over time, so your treatment may change, too. Learn more about the three types of ADHD

ADD vs. ADHD

You may have heard the terms “ADD” and “ADHD” and wondered what the difference is between them.

ADD, or attention deficit disorder, is an outdated term. It was previously used to describe people who have problems paying attention but aren’t hyperactive. The type of ADHD called predominantly inattentive is now used in place of ADD.

ADHD is the current overarching name of the condition. The term ADHD became official in May 2013, when the APA released the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).

This manual is what doctors refer to when making diagnoses for mental health conditions. Get a better understanding of the difference between ADD and ADHD.

Adult ADHD

More than 60 percentTrusted Source of children with ADHD still exhibit symptoms as adults. But for many people, ADHD symptoms decrease or become less frequent as they get older.

That said, treatment is important. Untreated ADHD in adults can have a negative impact on many aspects of life. Symptoms such as trouble managing time, forgetfulness, and impatience can cause problems at work, home, and in all types of relationships. Find out more about the signs and symptoms of ADHD in adults and how they can impact your life.

ADHD in children

One in 10Trusted Source children between ages 5 to 17 years receives an ADHD diagnosis, making this one of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States.

For children, ADHD is generally associated with problems at school. Children with ADHD often have trouble succeeding in a controlled classroom setting.

Boys are more than twice as likelyTrusted Source as girls to receive an ADHD diagnosis. This may be because boys tend to exhibit hallmark symptoms of hyperactivity. Although some girls with ADHD may have the classic symptoms of hyperactivity, many don’t. In many cases, girls with ADHD may:

• daydream frequently
• be hyper-talkative rather than hyperactive

Many symptoms of ADHD can be typical childhood behaviors, so it can be hard to know what’s ADHD-related and what’s not. Learn more about how to recognize ADHD in toddlers.

What causes ADHD?

Despite how common ADHD is, doctors and researchers still aren’t sure what causes the condition. It’s believed to have neurological origins. Genetics may also play a role.

ResearchTrusted Source suggests that a reduction in dopamine is a factor in ADHD. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain that helps move signals from one nerve to another. It plays a role in triggering emotional responses and movements.

Other researchTrusted Source suggests a structural difference in the brain. Findings indicate that people with ADHD have less gray matter volume. Gray matter includes the brain areas that help with:

• speech
• self-control
• decision-making
• muscle control

Researchers are still studying potential causes of ADHD, such as smoking during pregnancy. Find out more about the potential causes and risk factors of ADHD.

ADHD testing and diagnosis

There’s no single test that can tell if you or your child has ADHD. A recent studyTrusted Source highlighted the benefits of a new test to diagnose adult ADHD, but many clinicians believe an ADHD diagnosis can’t be made based on one test.

To make a diagnosis, your doctor will assess any symptoms you or your child has had over the previous six months.

Your doctor will likely gather information from teachers or family members and may use checklists and rating scales to review symptoms. They’ll also do a physical exam to check for other health problems. Learn more about ADHD rating scales and what they can and cannot do.

If you suspect that you or your child has ADHD, talk to your doctor about getting an evaluation. For your child, you can also talk to their school counselor. Schools regularly assess children for problems that may be affecting their educational performance.

For the assessment, provide your doctor or counselor with notes and observations about you or your child’s behavior.

If they suspect ADHD, they may refer you or your child to an ADHD specialist. Depending on the diagnosis, they may also suggest making an appointment with a psychiatrist or neurologist.

ADHD treatment

Treatment for ADHD typically includes behavioral therapies, medication, or both.

Types of therapy include psychotherapy, or talk therapy. With talk therapy, you or your child will discuss how ADHD affects your life and ways to help you manage it.

Another therapy type is behavioral therapy. This therapy can help you or your child with learning how to monitor and manage your behavior.

Medication can also be very helpful when you’re living with ADHD. ADHD medications are designed to affect brain chemicals in a way that enables you to better control your impulses and actions.

ADHD medication

The two main types of medications used to treat ADHD are stimulants and nonstimulants.

Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are the most commonly prescribed ADHD medications. These drugs work by increasing the amounts of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine.

Examples of these drugs include methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine-based stimulants (Adderall).

If stimulants don’t work well for you or your child, or if they cause troublesome side effects, your doctor may suggest a nonstimulant medication. Certain nonstimulant medications work by increasing levels of norepinephrine in the brain.

These medications include atomoxetine (Strattera) and some antidepressants such as bupropion (Wellbutrin).

ADHD medications can have many benefits, as well as side effects. Learn more about medication options for adults with ADHD.

Natural remedies for ADHD

In addition to — or instead of — medication, several remedies have been suggested to help improve ADHD symptoms.

For starters, following a healthy lifestyle may help you or your child manage ADHD symptoms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source recommends the following:

• eat a healthy, balanced diet
• get at least 60 minutes of physical activity per day
• get plenty of sleep
• limit daily screen time from phones, computers, and TV

Studies have also shown that yogaTrusted Source, tai chi, and spending time outdoors can help calm overactive minds and may ease ADHD symptoms.

Mindfulness meditation is another option. ResearchTrusted Source in adults and teens has shown meditation to have positive effects on attention and thought processes, as well as on anxiety and depression.

Avoiding certain allergens and food additives are also potential ways to help reduce ADHD symptoms.

Is ADHD a disability?

While ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, it’s not considered a learning disability. However, ADHD symptoms can make it harder for you to learn. Also, it’s possible for ADHD to occur in some individuals who also have learning disabilities.

To help relieve any impact on learning for children, teachers can map out individual guidelines for a student with ADHD. This may include allowing extra time for assignments and tests or developing a personal reward system.

Although it’s not technically a disability, ADHD can have lifelong effects.

ADHD and depression

If you or your child has ADHD, you’re more likely to have depression as well. In fact, the rate of major depression in children with ADHD is more than five times higherTrusted Source than in children without ADHD. Up to 31 percentTrusted Source of adults with ADHD have been found to also have depression.

This may feel like an unfair double whammy, but know that treatments are available for both conditions. The treatments often overlap. Talk therapy can help treat both conditions. Also, certain antidepressants, such as bupropion, can sometimes help ease ADHD symptoms.

Of course, having ADHD doesn’t guarantee that you’ll have depression, but it’s important to know it’s a possibility

Tips for coping with ADHD

If you or your child has ADHD, a consistent schedule with structure and regular expectations may be helpful. For adults, using lists, keeping a calendar, and setting reminders are good ways to help you get and stay organized. For children, it can be helpful to focus on writing down homework assignments and keeping everyday items, such as toys and backpacks, in assigned spots.

Learning more about the disorder in general can also help you learn how to manage it. Organizations like Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder or the Attention Deficit Disorder Association provide tips for management as well as the latest research.

Your doctor can provide more guidance in ways to manage your ADHD symptoms. Here are tips for helping your child with ADHD manage daily tasks and activities, from getting ready for school in the morning to applying for college.

Outlook

For children and adults, untreated ADHD can have a serious impact on your life. It can affect school, work, and relationships. Treatment is important to lessen the effects of the condition.

But it’s still important to keep in mind that many people with ADHD enjoy fulfilling and successful lives. Some even tout the benefits of the condition.

If you think you or your child may have ADHD, your first step should be talking to your doctor. They can help determine if ADHD is a factor for you or your child. Your doctor can help you create a treatment plan to help you manage your symptoms and live well with ADHD.

How Can I Lose tummy Fat Fast? | A Nutritionist's Top 5 Foods

Avocado

Avocados are nutrient powerhouses that pack good fat in addition to fiber, antioxidants, and numerous vitamins and minerals—including potassium, a mineral that supports heart function and also helps regulate blood pressure by acting as a natural diuretic, to sweep excess sodium and fluid out of the body.

A recent study shows that this satisfying fruit can also help attack belly fat. In the study, 111 adults were randomized into two groups. One group received one fresh avocado as part of a daily meal, while the second group ate the same number of calories without avocado. After three months, the avocado eaters experienced a reduction in visceral belly fat, an effect that was not seen in the control (avocado-free) group.

Even if you don’t eat a whole avocado daily, incorporating this good fat food into your diet more often is a smart, health-protective strategy. Whip avocado into a smoothie, mash and spread it on toast, sprinkle it onto salads, black bean tacos, lentil soup, or a baked potato, or just enjoy half of an avocado as an accompaniment to any meal. You can even puree avocado and incorporate into chocolate pudding!

Nuts

Nuts, a staple of the Mediterranean diet, provide healthful fat in addition to plant protein, antioxidants, fiber, and a wide range of vitamins and minerals. Among them are many nutrients adults tend to fall short on, like magnesium, which supports mental health and sleep.

Government tracking data shows that adults who regularly eat a daily average of at least a quarter ounce of tree nuts—including almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, filberts (hazelnuts), macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, and walnuts—have a lower BMI and blood pressure than non-nut eaters. They also have smaller waist measurements, an indicator of belly fat accumulation.

If you’re not allergic or sensitive to nuts, they’re easy to add to nearly any meal or snack. Blend nut butter into a smoothie, add nuts or drizzle nut butter into overnight oats, sprinkle nuts onto salads, cooked veggies, and stir-fries, snack on nuts as is or combined with fruit. You can even whip up a batch of energy balls by combining nut butter and chopped nuts with add-ins like oats, cinnamon, minced dried fruit, and chopped dark chocolate.

Lentils

I have always considered lentils to be one of the most underrated superfoods on the planet. In addition to being naturally gluten-free, affordable, eco-friendly, versatile, and satisfying, lentils are incredibly nutritious. They’re chock full of plant protein, key minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants, and they’re king when it comes to fiber.

A classic study that tracked belly fat among adults over a five-year period found that for each 10-gram increase in soluble fiber consumed, the rate of visceral fat accumulation decreased by 3.7%. One cup of cooked lentils provides 14 grams of fiber, with about half as soluble fiber, the type that’s also known to help support bowel regularity and lower cholesterol.

Opt for lentils in place of meat as the protein source in a meal, seasoned with herbs and combined with extra virgin olive oil, a generous portion of veggies, and a small serving of healthy starch from sweet potato or fingerling potato, spaghetti squash, or quinoa. Add lentils to a salad, make a simple lentil curry, an instapot lentil soup, or transform these gems into meatless meatballs or a lentil loaf.

Whole grains

The popularity of keto and paleo diets have caused many people to shun grains altogether, but whole grains are actually health-protective in a number of ways, including a reduction in belly fat. Research that involved more than 2,800 participants of the Framingham Heart Study found that whole-grain intake was inversely associated with both subcutaneous and visceral belly fat, whereas refined grains, like white bread, rice, and pasta, increased belly fat.

Instead of shunning all grains, consume moderate amounts of whole grains or portions that are in line with your energy demands (meaning smaller servings when you’re less active, and larger portions when you’re more active). Good options include oats at breakfast, quinoa added to a salad at lunch, and brown or wild rice added to a stir-fry at dinner. Homemade popcorn, which makes a great crunchy and filling snack, also counts as a whole grain.

Wild salmon

Vitamin D is important for a number of functions, including immunity, bone-density regulation, and mental health. Research also shows that a low blood vitamin D level is tied to an increase in both total body fat and visceral belly fat in women, and visceral belly fat in men.

Few foods are significant sources of vitamin D, and one of the best is wild salmon, which can be purchased fresh or in pouches and tins. A four-ounce portion of tinned salmon can provide 80% of the daily value for vitamin D. Add it to avocado toast at breakfast, salads at lunch, transform into salmon burgers, or toss with veggies, olives, and chickpea pasta for dinner.

If you don’t eat fish or don’t like salmon, look for foods that have been fortified with vitamin D, like certain plant milks, or consider taking a vitamin D supplement that provides 800-1000 IU of vitamin D daily.

Health.com

What İs Ethnology And Ethnography?

Ethnography versus Ethnology 

Ethnography and ethnology show contrasts between them with regards to their topic. Both, ethnography and ethnology, are normal sciences. They are the two minor parts of human sciences or the investigation of the historical backdrop of man. Ethnography manages the techniques did in any general public. It manages the investigation of methods, for example, relationships, weddings, incineration strategies, internment methodology, and such. Ethnography additionally manages circumcision functions. To put it plainly, it very well may be said that ethnography manages depictions of the methodology referenced previously. Ethnology, then again, gives a point by point portrayal of the socioeconomics of the general public. It thinks about various ethnographies to comprehend a general public. Let us take a gander at the two terms in more detail to comprehend the contrast between them. The answer to the question of What İs Ethnology And Ethnography? is also important here.

Who is John Locke? And why is he important?

The English philosopher and political theorist John Locke (1632-1704) laid much of the groundwork for the Enlightenment and made central contributions to the development of liberalism. Who is John Locke? And why is he important?

Trained in medicine, he was a key advocate of the empirical approaches of the Scientific Revolution. In his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding,” he advanced a theory of the self as a blank page, with knowledge and identity arising only from accumulated experience. His political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to protect the three natural rights of “life, liberty and estate” deeply influenced the United States’ founding documents. His essays on religious tolerance provided an early model for the separation of church and state.

John Locke’s Early Life and Education

John Locke was born in 1632 in Wrighton, Somerset. His father was a lawyer and small landowner who had fought on the Parliamentarian side during the English Civil Wars of the 1640s. Using his wartime connections, he placed his son in the elite Westminster School.

Between 1652 and 1667, John Locke was a student and then lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford, where he focused on the standard curriculum of logic, metaphysics and classics. He also studied medicine extensively and was an associate of Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle and other leading Oxford scientists.

John Locke and the Earl of Shaftesbury

In 1666 Locke met the parliamentarian Anthony Ashley Cooper, later the first Earl of Shaftesbury. The two struck up a friendship that blossomed into full patronage, and a year later Locke was appointed physician to Shaftesbury’s household. That year he supervised a dangerous liver operation on Shaftesbury that likely saved his patron’s life.

For the next two decades, Locke’s fortunes were tied to Shaftesbury, who was first a leading minister to Charles II and then a founder of the opposing Whig Party. Shaftesbury led the 1679 “exclusion” campaign to bar the Catholic duke of York (the future James II) from the royal succession. When that failed, Shaftesbury began to plot armed resistance and was forced to flee to Holland in 1682. Locke would follow his patron into exile a year later, returning only after the Glorious Revolution had placed the Protestant William III on the throne.

John Locke’s Publications

During his decades of service to Shaftesbury, John Locke had been writing. In the six years following his return to England he published all of his most significant works.

Locke’s “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (1689) outlined a theory of human knowledge, identity and selfhood that would be hugely influential to Enlightenment thinkers. To Locke, knowledge was not the discovery of anything either innate or outside of the individual, but simply the accumulation of “facts” derived from sensory experience. To discover truths beyond the realm of basic experience, Locke suggested an approach modeled on the rigorous methods of experimental science, and this approach greatly impacted the Scientific Revolution.

John Locke’s Views on Government

The “Two Treatises of Government” (1690) offered political theories developed and refined by Locke during his years at Shaftesbury’s side. Rejecting the divine right of kings, Locke said that societies form governments by mutual (and, in later generations, tacit) agreement. Thus, when a king loses the consent of the governed, a society may remove him—an approach quoted almost verbatim in Thomas Jefferson's 1776 Declaration of Independence. Locke also developed a definition of property as the product of a person’s labor that would be foundational for both Adam Smith’s capitalism and Karl Marx’s socialism. Locke famously wrote that man has three natural rights: life, liberty and property.

In his “Thoughts Concerning Education” (1693), Locke argued for a broadened syllabus and better treatment of students—ideas that were an enormous influence on Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s novel “Emile” (1762).

In three “Letters Concerning Toleration” (1689-92), Locke suggested that governments should respect freedom of religion except when the dissenting belief was a threat to public order. Atheists (whose oaths could not be trusted) and Catholics (who owed allegiance to an external ruler) were thus excluded from his scheme. Even within its limitations, Locke’s toleration did not argue that all (Protestant) beliefs were equally good or true, but simply that governments were not in a position to decide which one was correct.

John Locke’s Death

Locke spent his final 14 years in Essex at the home of Sir Francis Masham and his wife, the philosopher Lady Damaris Cudworth Masham. He died there on October 24, 1704, as Lady Damaris read to him from the Psalms.

Who is John Locke? And why is he important?

What is Diabetes?

 

Diabetes is a persistent (dependable) ailment that influences how your body transforms food into energy. 

The majority of the food you eat is separated into sugar (additionally called glucose) and delivered into your circulation system. At the point when your glucose goes up, it flags your pancreas to deliver insulin. Insulin acts like a key to let the glucose into your body's cells for use as energy. 

What is ALS?

 

ALS, or amyotrophic horizontal sclerosis, is a reformist neurodegenerative illness that influences nerve cells in the cerebrum and the spinal rope. A-myo-trophic originates from the Greek language. "A" signifies no. "Myo" alludes to muscle, and "Trophic" signifies sustenance – "No muscle sustenance." When a muscle has no sustenance, it "decays" or dies. "Parallel" distinguishes the territories in an individual's spinal string where segments of the nerve cells that sign and control the muscles are found. As this region degenerates, it prompts scarring or solidifying ("sclerosis") in the district. 

What is DNA?

 DNA, or deoxyribonucleic corrosive, is the innate material in people and practically all different life forms. Essentially every cell in an individual's body has a similar DNA. Most DNA is situated in the phone core (where it is called atomic DNA), however, a modest quantity of DNA can likewise be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria are structures inside cells that convert the energy from food into a structure that cells can utilize. 

Who is Aristotle? What Are Their Views?

The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) made significant and lasting contributions to nearly every aspect of human knowledge, from logic to biology to ethics and aesthetics. Though overshadowed in classical times by the work of his teacher Plato, from late antiquity through the Enlightenment, Aristotle’s surviving writings were incredibly influential. In Arabic philosophy, he was known simply as “The First Teacher”; in the West, he was “The Philosopher.” ....Who is Aristotle? What Are Their Views?

Who İs Wilhelm Wundt? What did Wilhelm Wundt contribution to psychology?

Who İs Wilhelm Wundt? What did Wilhelm Wundt contribution to psychology? Who is viewed as the dad of brain science? This inquiry doesn't really have a straightforward answer since numerous people have added to the origin, rise, and development of cutting edge brain research. We'll investigate a solitary person who is frequently refered to just as others who are additionally viewed as fathers of different parts of brain science. 

What Do You Say To A Child About Death? | Common Responses to Death at Different Ages

Kids will be presented to ailment and demise sooner or later in their young lives since death is a piece of the regular pattern of life. Indeed, even small kids who may not comprehend demise respond to lamenting guardians. More seasoned youngsters lament themselves. Likewise with all lamenting, time in the long run recuperates. Guardians need to help kids through the lamenting procedure to assist them with continuing their lives.

Comprehension of Death Depends on Age and Development 

At different formative levels, kids have an alternate comprehension of the absolution of death. Your way to deal with talking about death will rely upon your youngster's degree of comprehension of 4 principle ideas of death:

• Irreversibility (i.e., demise is lasting) 
• Absolution (i.e., every single working stop with death) 
• Certainty (i.e., demise is widespread for every single living thing) 
• Causality (i.e., reasons for death) 

Kids' absence of comprehension of these thoughts influences their capacity to process what occurred and adapt to their sentiments.

Newborn children and little children 

Newborn children and little children don't get passing, yet they can detect what their guardian is encountering. Deal with yourself and perceive your own need to lament. Keep whatever number schedules as could reasonably be expected unblemished. Routine is a defensive power for youngsters in the midst of significant disturbances. Maintain a strategic distance from division and give extra physical consideration regarding solace your youngster and upgrade his suspicion that all is well and good.

Preschoolers 

Preschoolers consider demise to be something impermanent. Their misguided judgment is strengthened via kid's shows where characters fly back to life minutes after blacksmith's irons drop on them from the sky. Since small kids are solid scholars, seeing things precisely as they show up and hearing things actually, it is significant that they are told about death in basic, clear language. Try not to utilize code words like, "She has rested," "… went to the incredible past," or "… died."

These expressions won't be comprehended and may even create fears of dozing or taking long excursions. Rather, little youngsters ought to be informed that their cherished one has kicked the bucket and "that implies we will not, at this point have the option to see her." Be set up for small kids to keep on asking where the perished is or when they are returning. Keep on giving clear messages, which can be mellowed with the information that recollections keep going forever. It is up to singular guardians, obviously, regardless of whether they will utilize strict clarifications.

For little youngsters, utilizing exclusively strict clarifications might be inadequate on the grounds that they need considerably more solid, explicit clarifications about the physical real factors of death.

Since small kids can't generally vocalize their emotions, their contemplations and fears regularly will come out at surprising occasions, as in their play. Recall that play can be the language of youth, so stay caution to what children might be attempting to let you know through their play.

School-matured youngsters 

School-matured youngsters start to comprehend demise as a last occasion however may not comprehend that it is all inclusive. Give your youngster straightforward and fair clarifications about what occurred and afterward ask him what he gets it. Set aside effort to clear up any mistaken assumptions or misinterpretations. Small kids may require your help to discover the words to communicate their feelings and discover approaches to assist them with feeling much improved. Give kids rehashed chances to discuss their sentiments. It is more essential to tune in than to state the ideal words.

School-matured kids additionally may not yet comprehend the causality of death. It is regular for them to embody demise (i.e., consider passing the "boogeyman" or an apparition). They may accept they are to be faulted and feel regretful for what occurred. Guarantee them that nothing they said or did (or didn't state or do) caused the passing and that nothing they do can bring the perished back.

Little youngsters may likewise stress that they will be disregarded, particularly by the passing of a huge grown-up. At the point when an auntie passes on, for instance, a small kid may ask her mom, "Mom, when are you going to kick the bucket?" Don't be astounded if your youngster gets cuddlier, progressively vigilant, and increasingly possessive of your time.

Remind your kid that not every person who becomes ill beyond words.

Console him of your wellbeing.

Tell him what number of individuals throughout his life care for him.

Bolster youngsters to get things done to lessen their nervousness and be delicate that they might not have any desire to talk or consider the expired in light of the fact that it is excessively difficult.

Deal with yourself and ensure you have support.

Your youngster is watching you intently. At the point when he sees that you are OK, he turns out to be progressively agreeable. This is one more situation in which guardians deal with their youngsters via thinking about themselves.

Teenagers 

Young people comprehend passing on a similar level as grown-ups, however they might be impervious to communicating any feelings about it. Since teenagers are beginning to think conceptually, they may battle to discover significance in death and might be considering bigger inquiries concerning the reason forever. Subsequently, teenagers may participate in unsafe exercises or experience coerce over being alive or displeasure regarding their absence of command over life and passing. Be tolerant, however keep up exclusive standards for conduct. Whatever your high schooler is encountering, the best thing you can do is to empower the outflow of misery in sound manners.

Give your adolescent a few chances to talk and bolster him in finding solid approaches to communicate his emotions:

At times exercise can help lessen pressure.

Tuning in to quieting music or cleaning up can be unwinding.

Writing in a diary, drawing, or other imaginative outlets can support kids and youngsters express their feelings.

Conversing with a companion or relative may give comfort.

Model your own solid adapting procedures and show your youngster how connecting for help is a demonstration of solidarity.

Basic Responses to Death at Different Ages 

Guardians ought to know about typical reactions to death just as signs when a youngster may require proficient assistance. It is normal for all youngsters to feel a wide scope of feelings in light of the passing of a friend or family member, including stun, misery, tension, or outrage. How they express these sentiments relies upon their age and advancement.

Small kids 

Some little youngsters may return to juvenile practices (infant talk or thumb sucking) or become tenacious or bad tempered. Others may carry on with furious upheavals. Recollect that these adjustments in conduct are likely signs of unexpressed feelings like disarray or disappointment.

School-matured youngsters 

Basic responses to death in school-matured kids may incorporate trouble amassing in school, issues dozing, and repetitive musings about the demise. School-matured youngsters may report physical responses like stomachaches and cerebral pains, which can be activated by being in places that help them to remember the individual who kicked the bucket.

Youngsters 

Youngsters will probably feel a wide scope of feelings encompassing the demise, including misery, outrage, blame, and defenselessness. Accordingly, a few adolescents may pull back, while different teenagers may take part in hazardous exercises (eg, self-injury, medication or liquor use). Perceive that these activities are your youngster's endeavor to recover control and adapt to his feelings.

Major Depressive Disorder (Clinical Depression)

Major Depressive Disorder (Clinical Depression)

Sadness is a natural part of the human experience. People may feel sad or depressed when a loved one passes away or when they’re going through a life challenge, such as a divorce or serious illness. However, these feelings are normally short-lived. When someone experiences persistent and intense feelings of sadness for extended periods of time, then they may have major depressive disorder (MDD).

MDD, also referred to as clinical depression, is a significant medical condition that can affect many areas of your life. It impacts mood and behavior as well as various physical functions, such as appetite and sleep. People with MDD often lose interest in activities they once enjoyed and have trouble performing everyday activities. Occasionally, they may also feel as if life isn’t worth living.

MDD is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. In 2015, nearly 7 percent of Americans over age 18 had an episode of MDD.

Some people with MDD never seek treatment. However, most people with the disorder can get better with treatment. Medications, psychotherapy, and other methods can effectively treat people with MDD and help them manage their symptoms.

What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Your doctor or a mental health professional can make a MDD diagnosis based on your symptoms, feelings, and behavior patterns. They will ask you certain questions or give you a questionnaire so they can better determine whether you have MDD.

To be diagnosed with MDD, you need to meet the symptom criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This manual helps medical professionals diagnose mental health conditions. According to its criteria, you must have 5 or more of the following symptoms, and experience them at least once a day for a period of more than 2 weeks:

• You feel sad or irritable most of the day, nearly every day.
• You are less interested in most activities you once enjoyed.
• You suddenly lose or gain weight or have a change in appetite.
• You have trouble falling asleep or want to sleep more than usual.
• You experience feelings of restlessness.
• You feel unusually tired and have a lack of energy.
• You feel worthless or guilty, often about things that wouldn’t normally make you feel that way.
• You have difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions.
• You think about harming yourself or committing suicide.

What causes major depressive disorder?

The exact cause of MDD isn’t known. However, there are several factors that can increase the risk of developing the condition. A combination of genes and stress can affect brain chemistry and reduce the ability to maintain mood stability. Changes in the balance of hormones might also contribute to the development of MDD.

MDD may also be triggered by:

• alcohol or drug abuse
• certain medical conditions, such as cancer or hypothyroidism
• particular types of medications, including steroids

How is major depressive disorder treated?

MDD is often treated with medication and psychotherapy. Some lifestyle adjustments can also help ease certain symptoms. People who have severe MDD or who have thoughts of harming themselves may need to stay in the hospital during treatment. Some might also need to take part in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve.

Medication

Primary care providers often start treatment for MDD by prescribing antidepressant medications.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These antidepressants are frequently prescribed. SSRIs work by helping inhibit the breakdown of serotonin in the brain, resulting in higher amounts of this neurotransmitter.

Serotonin is a brain chemical that’s believed to be responsible for mood. It may help improve mood and produce healthy sleeping patterns. People with MDD often have low levels of serotonin. An SSRI can relieve symptoms of MDD by increasing the amount of available serotonin in the brain.

SSRIs include well-known drugs such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and citalopram (Celexa). They have a relatively low incidence of side effects that most people tolerate well.

Other medications. Tricyclic antidepressants and medications known as atypical antidepressants may be used when other drugs haven’t helped. They can cause several side effects, including weight gain and sleepiness.

Note: Some medications used to treat MDD aren’t safe for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Make sure you speak with your healthcare provider if you become pregnant, you’re planning to become pregnant, or you’re breastfeeding your child.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy, also known as psychological therapy or talk therapy, can be an effective treatment for people with MDD. It involves meeting with a therapist on a regular basis to talk about your condition and related issues. Psychotherapy can help you:

• adjust to a crisis or other stressful event
• replace negative beliefs and behaviors with positive, healthy ones
• improve your communication skills
• find better ways to cope with challenges and solve problems
• increase your self-esteem
• regain a sense of satisfaction and control in your life

Your healthcare provider may also recommend other types of therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy. Another possible treatment is group therapy, which allows you to share your feelings with people who can relate to what you’re going through.

Lifestyle changes

In addition to taking medications and participating in therapy, you can help improve MDD symptoms by making some changes to your daily habits.

Eating right: Consider eating foods that contain omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon. Foods that are rich in B vitamins, such as beans and whole grains, have also been shown to help some people with MDD. Magnesium has also been linked to fighting MDD symptoms. It’s found in nuts, seeds, and yogurt.

Avoiding alcohol and certain processed foods: It’s beneficial to avoid alcohol, as it’s a nervous system depressant that can make your symptoms worse. Also, certain refined, processed, and deep-fried foods contain omega-6 fatty acids, which may contribute to MDD.

Getting plenty of exercise: Although MDD can make you feel very tired, it’s important to be physically active. Exercising, especially outdoors and in moderate sunlight, can boost your mood and make you feel better.

Sleeping well: It’s vital to get at least 6 to 8 hours of sleep per night. Talk to your doctor if you’re having trouble sleeping.

What is the outlook for someone with major depressive disorder?

People with MDD can feel hopeless at times, but it’s important to remember that the disorder can typically be treated successfully. To improve your outlook, it’s critical to stick with your treatment plan. Don’t miss therapy sessions or follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider. You should also never stop taking your medications unless you’re instructed to do so by your therapist or healthcare provider.

On days when you feel particularly sad despite treatment, it can be helpful to call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline or a local crisis or mental health service. These free, 24-hour phone lines take calls from anyone feeling depressed or anxious. A friendly, supportive voice could be just what you need to get you through a difficult time.

Where is DNA found? | What does DNA do? | What is DNA made of?

Where is DNA found?

In organisms called eukaryotes, DNA is found inside a special area of the cell called the nucleus. Because the cell is very small, and because organisms have many DNA molecules per cell, each DNA molecule must be tightly packaged. This packaged form of the DNA is called a chromosome.

During DNA replication, DNA unwinds so it can be copied. At other times in the cell cycle, DNA also unwinds so that its instructions can be used to make proteins and for other biological processes. But during cell division, DNA is in its compact chromosome form to enable transfer to new cells.

Researchers refer to DNA found in the cell's nucleus as nuclear DNA. An organism's complete set of nuclear DNA is called its genome.

Besides the DNA located in the nucleus, humans and other complex organisms also have a small amount of DNA in cell structures known as mitochondria. Mitochondria generate the energy the cell needs to function properly.

In sexual reproduction, organisms inherit half of their nuclear DNA from the male parent and half from the female parent. However, organisms inherit all of their mitochondrial DNA from the female parent. This occurs because only egg cells, and not sperm cells, keep their mitochondria during fertilization.

What is DNA made of?

DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. These building blocks are made of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group and one of four types of nitrogen bases. To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating.

The four types of nitrogen bases found in nucleotides are: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order, or sequence, of these bases determines what biological instructions are contained in a strand of DNA. For example, the sequence ATCGTT might instruct for blue eyes, while ATCGCT might instruct for brown.

The complete DNA instruction book, or genome, for a human contains about 3 billion bases and about 20,000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes.

What does DNA do?

DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the work in our bodies.

Each DNA sequence that contains instructions to make a protein is known as a gene. The size of a gene may vary greatly, ranging from about 1,000 bases to 1 million bases in humans. Genes only make up about 1 percent of the DNA sequence. DNA sequences outside this 1 percent are involved in regulating when, how and how much of a protein is made.

How are DNA sequences used to make proteins?

DNA's instructions are used to make proteins in a two-step process. First, enzymes read the information in a DNA molecule and transcribe it into an intermediary molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA.

Next, the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the "language" of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This language tells the cell's protein-making machinery the precise order in which to link the amino acids to produce a specific protein. This is a major task because there are 20 types of amino acids, which can be placed in many different orders to form a wide variety of proteins.

Who discovered DNA?

The Swiss biochemist Frederich Miescher first observed DNA in the late 1800s. But nearly a century passed from that discovery until researchers unraveled the structure of the DNA molecule and realized its central importance to biology.

For many years, scientists debated which molecule carried life's biological instructions. Most thought that DNA was too simple a molecule to play such a critical role. Instead, they argued that proteins were more likely to carry out this vital function because of their greater complexity and wider variety of forms.

The importance of DNA became clear in 1953 thanks to the work of James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. By studying X-ray diffraction patterns and building models, the scientists figured out the double helix structure of DNA - a structure that enables it to carry biological information from one generation to the next.

What is the DNA double helix?

Scientist use the term "double helix" to describe DNA's winding, two-stranded chemical structure. This shape - which looks much like a twisted ladder - gives DNA the power to pass along biological instructions with great precision.

To understand DNA's double helix from a chemical standpoint, picture the sides of the ladder as strands of alternating sugar and phosphate groups - strands that run in opposite directions. Each "rung" of the ladder is made up of two nitrogen bases, paired together by hydrogen bonds. Because of the highly specific nature of this type of chemical pairing, base A always pairs with base T, and likewise C with G. So, if you know the sequence of the bases on one strand of a DNA double helix, it is a simple matter to figure out the sequence of bases on the other strand.

DNA's unique structure enables the molecule to copy itself during cell division. When a cell prepares to divide, the DNA helix splits down the middle and becomes two single strands. These single strands serve as templates for building two new, double-stranded DNA molecules - each a replica of the original DNA molecule. In this process, an A base is added wherever there is a T, a C where there is a G, and so on until all of the bases once again have partners.

In addition, when proteins are being made, the double helix unwinds to allow a single strand of DNA to serve as a template. This template strand is then transcribed into mRNA, which is a molecule that conveys vital instructions to the cell's protein-making machinery.