What is Diabetes?

 

Diabetes is a persistent (dependable) ailment that influences how your body transforms food into energy. 

The majority of the food you eat is separated into sugar (additionally called glucose) and delivered into your circulation system. At the point when your glucose goes up, it flags your pancreas to deliver insulin. Insulin acts like a key to let the glucose into your body's cells for use as energy. 

What is ALS?

 

ALS, or amyotrophic horizontal sclerosis, is a reformist neurodegenerative illness that influences nerve cells in the cerebrum and the spinal rope. A-myo-trophic originates from the Greek language. "A" signifies no. "Myo" alludes to muscle, and "Trophic" signifies sustenance – "No muscle sustenance." When a muscle has no sustenance, it "decays" or dies. "Parallel" distinguishes the territories in an individual's spinal string where segments of the nerve cells that sign and control the muscles are found. As this region degenerates, it prompts scarring or solidifying ("sclerosis") in the district. 

What is DNA?

 DNA, or deoxyribonucleic corrosive, is the innate material in people and practically all different life forms. Essentially every cell in an individual's body has a similar DNA. Most DNA is situated in the phone core (where it is called atomic DNA), however, a modest quantity of DNA can likewise be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria are structures inside cells that convert the energy from food into a structure that cells can utilize. 

Who is Aristotle? What Are Their Views?

The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) made significant and lasting contributions to nearly every aspect of human knowledge, from logic to biology to ethics and aesthetics. Though overshadowed in classical times by the work of his teacher Plato, from late antiquity through the Enlightenment, Aristotle’s surviving writings were incredibly influential. In Arabic philosophy, he was known simply as “The First Teacher”; in the West, he was “The Philosopher.” ....Who is Aristotle? What Are Their Views?

Who İs Wilhelm Wundt? What did Wilhelm Wundt contribution to psychology?

Who İs Wilhelm Wundt? What did Wilhelm Wundt contribution to psychology? Who is viewed as the dad of brain science? This inquiry doesn't really have a straightforward answer since numerous people have added to the origin, rise, and development of cutting edge brain research. We'll investigate a solitary person who is frequently refered to just as others who are additionally viewed as fathers of different parts of brain science. 

What Do You Say To A Child About Death? | Common Responses to Death at Different Ages

Kids will be presented to ailment and demise sooner or later in their young lives since death is a piece of the regular pattern of life. Indeed, even small kids who may not comprehend demise respond to lamenting guardians. More seasoned youngsters lament themselves. Likewise with all lamenting, time in the long run recuperates. Guardians need to help kids through the lamenting procedure to assist them with continuing their lives.

Comprehension of Death Depends on Age and Development 

At different formative levels, kids have an alternate comprehension of the absolution of death. Your way to deal with talking about death will rely upon your youngster's degree of comprehension of 4 principle ideas of death:

• Irreversibility (i.e., demise is lasting) 
• Absolution (i.e., every single working stop with death) 
• Certainty (i.e., demise is widespread for every single living thing) 
• Causality (i.e., reasons for death) 

Kids' absence of comprehension of these thoughts influences their capacity to process what occurred and adapt to their sentiments.

Newborn children and little children 

Newborn children and little children don't get passing, yet they can detect what their guardian is encountering. Deal with yourself and perceive your own need to lament. Keep whatever number schedules as could reasonably be expected unblemished. Routine is a defensive power for youngsters in the midst of significant disturbances. Maintain a strategic distance from division and give extra physical consideration regarding solace your youngster and upgrade his suspicion that all is well and good.

Preschoolers 

Preschoolers consider demise to be something impermanent. Their misguided judgment is strengthened via kid's shows where characters fly back to life minutes after blacksmith's irons drop on them from the sky. Since small kids are solid scholars, seeing things precisely as they show up and hearing things actually, it is significant that they are told about death in basic, clear language. Try not to utilize code words like, "She has rested," "… went to the incredible past," or "… died."

These expressions won't be comprehended and may even create fears of dozing or taking long excursions. Rather, little youngsters ought to be informed that their cherished one has kicked the bucket and "that implies we will not, at this point have the option to see her." Be set up for small kids to keep on asking where the perished is or when they are returning. Keep on giving clear messages, which can be mellowed with the information that recollections keep going forever. It is up to singular guardians, obviously, regardless of whether they will utilize strict clarifications.

For little youngsters, utilizing exclusively strict clarifications might be inadequate on the grounds that they need considerably more solid, explicit clarifications about the physical real factors of death.

Since small kids can't generally vocalize their emotions, their contemplations and fears regularly will come out at surprising occasions, as in their play. Recall that play can be the language of youth, so stay caution to what children might be attempting to let you know through their play.

School-matured youngsters 

School-matured youngsters start to comprehend demise as a last occasion however may not comprehend that it is all inclusive. Give your youngster straightforward and fair clarifications about what occurred and afterward ask him what he gets it. Set aside effort to clear up any mistaken assumptions or misinterpretations. Small kids may require your help to discover the words to communicate their feelings and discover approaches to assist them with feeling much improved. Give kids rehashed chances to discuss their sentiments. It is more essential to tune in than to state the ideal words.

School-matured kids additionally may not yet comprehend the causality of death. It is regular for them to embody demise (i.e., consider passing the "boogeyman" or an apparition). They may accept they are to be faulted and feel regretful for what occurred. Guarantee them that nothing they said or did (or didn't state or do) caused the passing and that nothing they do can bring the perished back.

Little youngsters may likewise stress that they will be disregarded, particularly by the passing of a huge grown-up. At the point when an auntie passes on, for instance, a small kid may ask her mom, "Mom, when are you going to kick the bucket?" Don't be astounded if your youngster gets cuddlier, progressively vigilant, and increasingly possessive of your time.

Remind your kid that not every person who becomes ill beyond words.

Console him of your wellbeing.

Tell him what number of individuals throughout his life care for him.

Bolster youngsters to get things done to lessen their nervousness and be delicate that they might not have any desire to talk or consider the expired in light of the fact that it is excessively difficult.

Deal with yourself and ensure you have support.

Your youngster is watching you intently. At the point when he sees that you are OK, he turns out to be progressively agreeable. This is one more situation in which guardians deal with their youngsters via thinking about themselves.

Teenagers 

Young people comprehend passing on a similar level as grown-ups, however they might be impervious to communicating any feelings about it. Since teenagers are beginning to think conceptually, they may battle to discover significance in death and might be considering bigger inquiries concerning the reason forever. Subsequently, teenagers may participate in unsafe exercises or experience coerce over being alive or displeasure regarding their absence of command over life and passing. Be tolerant, however keep up exclusive standards for conduct. Whatever your high schooler is encountering, the best thing you can do is to empower the outflow of misery in sound manners.

Give your adolescent a few chances to talk and bolster him in finding solid approaches to communicate his emotions:

At times exercise can help lessen pressure.

Tuning in to quieting music or cleaning up can be unwinding.

Writing in a diary, drawing, or other imaginative outlets can support kids and youngsters express their feelings.

Conversing with a companion or relative may give comfort.

Model your own solid adapting procedures and show your youngster how connecting for help is a demonstration of solidarity.

Basic Responses to Death at Different Ages 

Guardians ought to know about typical reactions to death just as signs when a youngster may require proficient assistance. It is normal for all youngsters to feel a wide scope of feelings in light of the passing of a friend or family member, including stun, misery, tension, or outrage. How they express these sentiments relies upon their age and advancement.

Small kids 

Some little youngsters may return to juvenile practices (infant talk or thumb sucking) or become tenacious or bad tempered. Others may carry on with furious upheavals. Recollect that these adjustments in conduct are likely signs of unexpressed feelings like disarray or disappointment.

School-matured youngsters 

Basic responses to death in school-matured kids may incorporate trouble amassing in school, issues dozing, and repetitive musings about the demise. School-matured youngsters may report physical responses like stomachaches and cerebral pains, which can be activated by being in places that help them to remember the individual who kicked the bucket.

Youngsters 

Youngsters will probably feel a wide scope of feelings encompassing the demise, including misery, outrage, blame, and defenselessness. Accordingly, a few adolescents may pull back, while different teenagers may take part in hazardous exercises (eg, self-injury, medication or liquor use). Perceive that these activities are your youngster's endeavor to recover control and adapt to his feelings.

Major Depressive Disorder (Clinical Depression)

Major Depressive Disorder (Clinical Depression)

Sadness is a natural part of the human experience. People may feel sad or depressed when a loved one passes away or when they’re going through a life challenge, such as a divorce or serious illness. However, these feelings are normally short-lived. When someone experiences persistent and intense feelings of sadness for extended periods of time, then they may have major depressive disorder (MDD).

MDD, also referred to as clinical depression, is a significant medical condition that can affect many areas of your life. It impacts mood and behavior as well as various physical functions, such as appetite and sleep. People with MDD often lose interest in activities they once enjoyed and have trouble performing everyday activities. Occasionally, they may also feel as if life isn’t worth living.

MDD is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. In 2015, nearly 7 percent of Americans over age 18 had an episode of MDD.

Some people with MDD never seek treatment. However, most people with the disorder can get better with treatment. Medications, psychotherapy, and other methods can effectively treat people with MDD and help them manage their symptoms.

What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Your doctor or a mental health professional can make a MDD diagnosis based on your symptoms, feelings, and behavior patterns. They will ask you certain questions or give you a questionnaire so they can better determine whether you have MDD.

To be diagnosed with MDD, you need to meet the symptom criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This manual helps medical professionals diagnose mental health conditions. According to its criteria, you must have 5 or more of the following symptoms, and experience them at least once a day for a period of more than 2 weeks:

• You feel sad or irritable most of the day, nearly every day.
• You are less interested in most activities you once enjoyed.
• You suddenly lose or gain weight or have a change in appetite.
• You have trouble falling asleep or want to sleep more than usual.
• You experience feelings of restlessness.
• You feel unusually tired and have a lack of energy.
• You feel worthless or guilty, often about things that wouldn’t normally make you feel that way.
• You have difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions.
• You think about harming yourself or committing suicide.

What causes major depressive disorder?

The exact cause of MDD isn’t known. However, there are several factors that can increase the risk of developing the condition. A combination of genes and stress can affect brain chemistry and reduce the ability to maintain mood stability. Changes in the balance of hormones might also contribute to the development of MDD.

MDD may also be triggered by:

• alcohol or drug abuse
• certain medical conditions, such as cancer or hypothyroidism
• particular types of medications, including steroids

How is major depressive disorder treated?

MDD is often treated with medication and psychotherapy. Some lifestyle adjustments can also help ease certain symptoms. People who have severe MDD or who have thoughts of harming themselves may need to stay in the hospital during treatment. Some might also need to take part in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve.

Medication

Primary care providers often start treatment for MDD by prescribing antidepressant medications.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These antidepressants are frequently prescribed. SSRIs work by helping inhibit the breakdown of serotonin in the brain, resulting in higher amounts of this neurotransmitter.

Serotonin is a brain chemical that’s believed to be responsible for mood. It may help improve mood and produce healthy sleeping patterns. People with MDD often have low levels of serotonin. An SSRI can relieve symptoms of MDD by increasing the amount of available serotonin in the brain.

SSRIs include well-known drugs such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and citalopram (Celexa). They have a relatively low incidence of side effects that most people tolerate well.

Other medications. Tricyclic antidepressants and medications known as atypical antidepressants may be used when other drugs haven’t helped. They can cause several side effects, including weight gain and sleepiness.

Note: Some medications used to treat MDD aren’t safe for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Make sure you speak with your healthcare provider if you become pregnant, you’re planning to become pregnant, or you’re breastfeeding your child.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy, also known as psychological therapy or talk therapy, can be an effective treatment for people with MDD. It involves meeting with a therapist on a regular basis to talk about your condition and related issues. Psychotherapy can help you:

• adjust to a crisis or other stressful event
• replace negative beliefs and behaviors with positive, healthy ones
• improve your communication skills
• find better ways to cope with challenges and solve problems
• increase your self-esteem
• regain a sense of satisfaction and control in your life

Your healthcare provider may also recommend other types of therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy. Another possible treatment is group therapy, which allows you to share your feelings with people who can relate to what you’re going through.

Lifestyle changes

In addition to taking medications and participating in therapy, you can help improve MDD symptoms by making some changes to your daily habits.

Eating right: Consider eating foods that contain omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon. Foods that are rich in B vitamins, such as beans and whole grains, have also been shown to help some people with MDD. Magnesium has also been linked to fighting MDD symptoms. It’s found in nuts, seeds, and yogurt.

Avoiding alcohol and certain processed foods: It’s beneficial to avoid alcohol, as it’s a nervous system depressant that can make your symptoms worse. Also, certain refined, processed, and deep-fried foods contain omega-6 fatty acids, which may contribute to MDD.

Getting plenty of exercise: Although MDD can make you feel very tired, it’s important to be physically active. Exercising, especially outdoors and in moderate sunlight, can boost your mood and make you feel better.

Sleeping well: It’s vital to get at least 6 to 8 hours of sleep per night. Talk to your doctor if you’re having trouble sleeping.

What is the outlook for someone with major depressive disorder?

People with MDD can feel hopeless at times, but it’s important to remember that the disorder can typically be treated successfully. To improve your outlook, it’s critical to stick with your treatment plan. Don’t miss therapy sessions or follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider. You should also never stop taking your medications unless you’re instructed to do so by your therapist or healthcare provider.

On days when you feel particularly sad despite treatment, it can be helpful to call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline or a local crisis or mental health service. These free, 24-hour phone lines take calls from anyone feeling depressed or anxious. A friendly, supportive voice could be just what you need to get you through a difficult time.

Where is DNA found? | What does DNA do? | What is DNA made of?

Where is DNA found?

In organisms called eukaryotes, DNA is found inside a special area of the cell called the nucleus. Because the cell is very small, and because organisms have many DNA molecules per cell, each DNA molecule must be tightly packaged. This packaged form of the DNA is called a chromosome.

During DNA replication, DNA unwinds so it can be copied. At other times in the cell cycle, DNA also unwinds so that its instructions can be used to make proteins and for other biological processes. But during cell division, DNA is in its compact chromosome form to enable transfer to new cells.

Researchers refer to DNA found in the cell's nucleus as nuclear DNA. An organism's complete set of nuclear DNA is called its genome.

Besides the DNA located in the nucleus, humans and other complex organisms also have a small amount of DNA in cell structures known as mitochondria. Mitochondria generate the energy the cell needs to function properly.

In sexual reproduction, organisms inherit half of their nuclear DNA from the male parent and half from the female parent. However, organisms inherit all of their mitochondrial DNA from the female parent. This occurs because only egg cells, and not sperm cells, keep their mitochondria during fertilization.

What is DNA made of?

DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. These building blocks are made of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group and one of four types of nitrogen bases. To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating.

The four types of nitrogen bases found in nucleotides are: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order, or sequence, of these bases determines what biological instructions are contained in a strand of DNA. For example, the sequence ATCGTT might instruct for blue eyes, while ATCGCT might instruct for brown.

The complete DNA instruction book, or genome, for a human contains about 3 billion bases and about 20,000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes.

What does DNA do?

DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the work in our bodies.

Each DNA sequence that contains instructions to make a protein is known as a gene. The size of a gene may vary greatly, ranging from about 1,000 bases to 1 million bases in humans. Genes only make up about 1 percent of the DNA sequence. DNA sequences outside this 1 percent are involved in regulating when, how and how much of a protein is made.

How are DNA sequences used to make proteins?

DNA's instructions are used to make proteins in a two-step process. First, enzymes read the information in a DNA molecule and transcribe it into an intermediary molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA.

Next, the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the "language" of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This language tells the cell's protein-making machinery the precise order in which to link the amino acids to produce a specific protein. This is a major task because there are 20 types of amino acids, which can be placed in many different orders to form a wide variety of proteins.

Who discovered DNA?

The Swiss biochemist Frederich Miescher first observed DNA in the late 1800s. But nearly a century passed from that discovery until researchers unraveled the structure of the DNA molecule and realized its central importance to biology.

For many years, scientists debated which molecule carried life's biological instructions. Most thought that DNA was too simple a molecule to play such a critical role. Instead, they argued that proteins were more likely to carry out this vital function because of their greater complexity and wider variety of forms.

The importance of DNA became clear in 1953 thanks to the work of James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. By studying X-ray diffraction patterns and building models, the scientists figured out the double helix structure of DNA - a structure that enables it to carry biological information from one generation to the next.

What is the DNA double helix?

Scientist use the term "double helix" to describe DNA's winding, two-stranded chemical structure. This shape - which looks much like a twisted ladder - gives DNA the power to pass along biological instructions with great precision.

To understand DNA's double helix from a chemical standpoint, picture the sides of the ladder as strands of alternating sugar and phosphate groups - strands that run in opposite directions. Each "rung" of the ladder is made up of two nitrogen bases, paired together by hydrogen bonds. Because of the highly specific nature of this type of chemical pairing, base A always pairs with base T, and likewise C with G. So, if you know the sequence of the bases on one strand of a DNA double helix, it is a simple matter to figure out the sequence of bases on the other strand.

DNA's unique structure enables the molecule to copy itself during cell division. When a cell prepares to divide, the DNA helix splits down the middle and becomes two single strands. These single strands serve as templates for building two new, double-stranded DNA molecules - each a replica of the original DNA molecule. In this process, an A base is added wherever there is a T, a C where there is a G, and so on until all of the bases once again have partners.

In addition, when proteins are being made, the double helix unwinds to allow a single strand of DNA to serve as a template. This template strand is then transcribed into mRNA, which is a molecule that conveys vital instructions to the cell's protein-making machinery.